First, the death of yasser arafat and election of mahmoud abbas as the new president of the palestinian authority mark a positive turning point in palestinian politics. State sponsors of terrorism united states department of. Future research should continue to explore the prevalence of statesponsored terrorism over time and. Its a toxic label that signals to the international community that the state in question should be treated as a pariah.
In an effort to provide investors with greater transparency as to public issuers disclosures concerning their activities with terroristsponsoring countries, the sec, in june 2007, released a web tool listing companies activities in countries known to sponsor terrorism. As of july 2018 there are four countries on this list. Global implications of state sponsored terrorism introduction state sponsored terrorism is a growing threat to nations of all sizes and in almost every region of the world. For years iran has borne the unenviable title of worlds biggest state sponsor of terrorism. Source for information on state sponsored terrorism. One possible definition is the us state departments list of state sponsors of terrorism. State supported terrorism by iran, syria, and libya subject. The united states currently lists seven state sponsors of terrorism. The real largest state sponsor of terrorism huffpost. Terrorism has progressed further than extremist groupings to incorporate radical states that support or fund terrorist actions as mechanisms of their foreign policy. State sponsored terrorism is a growing threat to nations of all sizes and in almost every region of the world.
On the other hand, daniel byman believes its importance has increased. After the then prime minister indira gandhi, took a policy decision to support sri lankan northern insurgency in august 1983, within years, the number of tamil training camps increased in the indian state of tamil nadu. National strategy counterterrorism the white house. Dan byman has written what will likely become the standard text on state sponsored terrorism. Moreover, the qods force of the iranian revolutionary guard corps, is identified as the organisations arm of terrorist operations across the.
State sponsored terrorism is government support of violent non state actors engaged in terrorism. The twoway the white house said tuesday that president obama would remove cuba from the u. United states and statesponsored terrorism wikipedia. Since 1984, iran has been considered a state sponsor of terrorism by the united states us statea, n. Eastern based terrorist groups and states are major perpetrators of terrorism that can ultimately be described as state sponsored. Iraq removed from the state sponsors of terrorism list. State department, the overwhelming majority are wahhabiinspired and saudifunded groups, with a focus on the west and iran as their primary enemy. Intelligence, homeland security, and the department of defense to develop a terrorist threat integration center to merge and analyze all threat information in a single. Apr 15, 2015 the white house said tuesday that president obama would remove cuba from the u. Thus, each year, the us secretary of state designates a number of countries as state sponsors of terrorism. In fact, terrorism of the middle east origin accounted for about 40 percent of all international terrorism in 1984, and two thirds of that was. Presentation to the georgian foundation for strategic and international studies. State supported terrorism by iran, syria, and libya keywords.
Statesponsored terrorism literally implies a states use or support of terrorism against another state or against its own people. Pakistan and statesponsored terrorism in south asia request pdf. Pdf in the international law system, internal mechanisms are the appropriate. Though state sponsored terrorism persists in the post911 era, some scholars have argued that it has become less significant in the age of global jihadism. Terrorism has grown beyond extremist groups to also include radical states that sponsor or support terrorist activity as tools of their own foreign policy. As of 2011 update, north korea, unlike the other countries removed and the designated state sponsor of terrorism sudan, is still listed as not fully cooperating with the united states to reduce terrorism. Iraq planned and sponsored international terrorism in 2002. Nationa counterterrorism center 2017 at the state of the union address jan. Media and state sponsored terrorism security studies. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. Statesponsored terrorism and involvement of states in terrorism are phrases loosely used in sociology of terrorism to describe terrorism committed by nationstates. But terrorism is also committed by a sovereign country or a governments, both domestically and internationally. Us policy seeks to pressure and isolate state sponsors so they will renounce the use of terrorism, end support to terrorists, and bring terrorists to.
South yemen was removed in 1990 when it ceased to exist as a sovereign state, as it merged with. The changing nature of state sponsorship of terrorism. Within this broader context, the volume has a number of specific aims. South yemen was dropped from the list in 1990 after it merged with the yemen. Jul 19, 2017 iran continues to be the worlds leading state sponsor of terrorism, the trump administration said wednesday in a new report that also noted a decline in the number of terrorist attacks globally. Deadly connections is an important book that not only fills a longstanding gap in the field of terrorism studies, but significantly advances our understanding of this particularly opaque and complex phenomenon. International terrorism would not have flourished as it has during the past few decades without the funding, training, safe haven, weapons, and logistic support provided to terrorists by sovereign states. State terrorism definition is terrorism by a government. Terrorism committed by governments and quasigovernmental agencies and personnel against perceived enemies. Byman analysis paper number 16, may 2008 brookings 1775 massachusetts ave. Visa applicants state sponsors of terrorism countries.
The changing nature of state sponsorship of terrorism brookings. Any country that deliberately employs terrorism or aids and abets terrorist groups as an instrument of its foreign policy against another country is categorized as a state sponsor of terrorism or simply a terrorist state. Her cable discussed exactly how bad the situation was in each of those countries. State sponsored terrorism research papers academia.
One refers to governments that support or conduct terrorism against other governments. Feb 23, 2017 pakistan is doing this with military strikes, state sponsored terrorism, economic inducements, and economic punishments such as border closings. Shaun gregory, the isi and the war on terrorism, studies in. It particularly employed state sponsored terrorism which still continues in sri lanka. A state sponsor is a government that supports an actor in the performance of an act or acts of terrorism.
Inclusion on the list imposes strict unilateral sanctions. The primary example to this day is iran and lebanese hezbollah. The heyday of state sponsored terrorism was the 1970s and 1980s, with the cold war raging between the superpowers while neither was willing to risk escalation to a full scale war and possible nuclear exchange. The us state department designation is authorized by three laws. State sponsored terrorism definitionterrorism is generally understood as an organized violent act by non state actors against unarmed civilians to create mass fear in a targeted state. Syria has a history of aiding terrorist organizations, and is one of five nations on the u. Iran remains the worlds leading state sponsor of terrorism, according to an annual state department report that pointed to isis as the primary non state threat to. The national strategy for counterterrorism recognizes the full range of terrorist threats.
The focus on non state terrorism in the literature and the present war on terror may be misplaced. Asymmetric warfare refers to the use of randomunpredictable violence by a weak group i. Terrorism as a force in social and international relations appears to some as a relapse into barbarism, a peculiar and dismal aberration of civilized. G overnments are often the targets of terrorism, but they can also sponsor terrorists or use the tactics of terrorism. State departments list of state sponsors of terrorism. Terrorism by states is characterized by official government. Violent activities committed by a state against civilians are forbidden by international conventions and are clearly defined as war crimes when it is a war situation and as. A state sponsor can be described as a government that subsidizes any acts of terrorism. Countries determined by the secretary of state to have repeatedly provided support for acts of international terrorism are designated pursuant to three laws. Taken together, the four main categories of sanctions resulting. Contemporary state terrorism this volume aims to bring the state back into terrorism studies and fill the notable gap that currently exists in our understanding of the ways in which states employ terrorism as a political strategy of internal governance or foreign policy. State terrorism can be directed internally against domestic enemies, or externally against adversaries in the international domain. State sponsors of terrorism is a designation applied by the united states department of state.
State terrorism exists which is similar to non state terrorism in that it involves politically, religiously or ideologically inspired acts of violence against individuals or groups outside of an armed conflict. Dr steve hewitt explores how terrorism by the state is still terrorism. Terrorism by the state is still terrorism university of. State sponsors of terrorism is a designation applied by the united states department of state to countries which the department alleges to have repeatedly provided support for acts of international terrorism. May 29, 2008 the current united states approach to state sponsorship of terrorism is flawed, writes daniel byman. State sponsors of acts of international terrorismlegislative. The purpose of this project was to analyze states and municipalities terrorism preparedness as a. State sponsored terrorism is a term used to describe terrorism sponsored by nationstates.
For two reasons, however, my focus today will be on iranian sponsored terrorism targeting israel and the peace process. He suggests that instead of simply managing a list of state sponsors, washington needs to. Throughout the year, the iraqi intelligence services iis laid the groundwork for possible attacks against civilian and military targets in the united states and other western countries. However, it is in the oklahoma city bombing of 1995 that one sees the tangible enactment of modernday state sponsored terrorism. Ciardp87b00342r0004009000050 sanitized copy approved for release 20091124. But designating it as such would be counterproductive, and a closer look at the question shows the limits of designation as a tool of u. Iran, iraq, syria, libya, cuba, north korea, and sudan.
View state sponsored terrorism research papers on academia. In general state sponsored terrorism is associated with support of paramilitary organizations. If you have questions about the topics covered in this publication, call. Jenkins once stated that terrorism is a theater and there has. Governments confidential list of state sponsors of terrorism. The chapter state sponsored terrorism in the 1993 report states. Deny sponsorship, support, and sanctuary to terrorists17. Designated in 1979 as a state sponsor of terrorism, syria continues its political support to a variety of terrorist groups affecting the stability of the region and beyond. Declaring war and sending the military to fight other militaries is not terrorism, nor is the use of violence to punish criminals who have been convicted of violent crimes. Whether highly industrialized or developing, wealthy or poor, all nations, in some way are adversely impacted by terrorism and the lasting repercussions of terrorist activities. The attempt to create a cuban terrorist threat makes it clear that the us government has no reservations about using state sponsored terrorism to achieve its ends.
The united states has at various times in recent history provided support to terrorist and paramilitary organizations around the world. It has also provided assistance to numerous authoritarian regimes that have used state terrorism as a tool of repression. State terrorism definition of state terrorism by merriam. Justice against sponsors of terrorism act kgrant on dskb33cyq1 with publaw verdate mar 15 2010 19. Jan 26, 2016 yet every year, his state department produces the country reports on terrorism, which clearly state that iran sponsors terrorism through the irgc, hezbollah, hamas, palestine islamic jihad and the popular front for the liberation of palestinegeneral command, al qaeda and various shiite militia in iraq and syria. In doing so, i first establish an acceptable and helpful definition of terrorism that distinguishes it from other forms of insurrection, and then seek to define state sponsored terrorism in the context of international law. As of 2011, north korea, unlike the other countries removed and the designated state sponsor of terrorism sudan, is still listed as not fully cooperating with the united states to reduce terrorism. Saudi arabia enlisted in the fight against terrorism only in response to intense pressure from the united states following the sept. Request pdf pakistan and statesponsored terrorism in south asia pakistan has gained the international reputation of being the worlds foremost exporter of. The result of this consolidation is the development of intelligence processing. It is party to five of the 12 international conventions and protocols relating to terrorism. And typically, the definition of a state sponsor of terrorism is a country that uses surrogates as its weapon to attack other people. State sponsored terrorismthe conflictterrorism has grown beyond extremist groups to also include radical states that sponsor or support terrorist activity as tools of their own foreign policy. Interviews are required, and, therefore, cannot be waived.
The changing nature of state sponsorship of terrorism daniel l. Therefore, paradoxically, at a time when the number of state sponsors is at its nadir, the threat potential of terrorism is at its apex, as the proliferation of nuclear technology to terrorist sponsors has significantly elevated the potential consequences of state sponsorship. All applicants who are citizens of designated state sponsor of terrorism countries must be interviewed by a consular officer. Pdf state violence as state terrorism researchgate.
Global implications of state sponsored terrorism by elgie. The focus on nonstate terrorism in the literature and the present war on terror may be misplaced. There are two broad definitions of state sponsored terrorism. The designation of state sponsors of terrorism by the united statesand the imposition of sanctionsis a mechanism for isolating nations that use terrorism as a means of political expression.
Pleaes consult this website for the complete list of state sponsors of terrorism. Issues of the state sponsored terrorism law teacher. As with terrorism, the precise definition, and the identification of particular examples, are subjects of heated political dispute. We are firmly committed to removing countries from the list once they have taken the necessary steps under our law and policy. Former secretary of state hillary clinton stated that she was considering renaming north korea on the list of state sponsors of terrorism. Statesponsored terrorism appears to be much more lethal than non state terrorism, and there is evidence the u. State sponsors of acts of international terrorism legislative parameters. A national assessment of state and local law enforcement preparedness that was conducted in rands criminal justice research program.
However, out of the 61 groups that are designated as terrorist organizations by the u. Before placing statesponsored terrorism as a specifically international phenomenon in a theoretical perspective and. Indian state sponsored terrorism in sri lanka islamabad post. In brief congressional research service summary iran, north korea, sudan, and syria are identified by the u. Ciardp87b00342r0004009000050 iq next 1 pages in document denied sanitized copy approved for release 20091124. Sec disclosure requirements for state sponsors of terrorism. Designation also carries with it a wide range of sanctions, including a ban on armsrelated exports and sales, prohibitions on economic assistance, and the imposition of other financial. Since terrorism has essentially become an international phenomenon over the last three decades, the expression statesponsored terrorism is now commonly used to describe a states support of international. Organizations like hamas, hezbollah and palestinian islamic jihad are heavily dependent on state support. It is this last element targeting innocent civilians that stands out in efforts to distinguish state terrorism from other forms of state violence. Whos on the list of state sponsors of terrorism, and why. State sponsored terrorism came in the middle1970s, and. Statesponsored terrorism definition of statesponsored. Institute of justice under a project entitled domestic terrorism.
Country reports on terrorism 2017 is submitted in compliance with title 22 of the united states code, section 2656f the act, which requires the department of state to provide to congress a full and complete annual report on terrorism for those. Foremost state sponsor of terror, february 16, 2005 3 this the forthcoming israeli redeployment from the entirety of the gaza strip and the northern west bank, and even the pessimist sees the opening of a window of opportunity. State sponsors of terrorism share countries determined by the secretary of state to have repeatedly provided support for acts of international terrorism are designated pursuant to three laws. State sponsors are motivated by a number of factors, some of which intersect.
710 597 768 230 1453 306 1515 1015 287 1514 518 1037 834 102 335 1230 58 693 1251 426 1067 953 625 70 1434 903 1335 715 598 162 1026